Bode plot of frequency response, or magnitude and phase data (2024)

Bode plot of frequency response, or magnitude and phasedata

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Syntax

bode(sys)

bode(sys1,sys2,...,sysN)

bode(sys1,LineSpec1,...,sysN,LineSpecN)

bode(___,w)

[mag,phase,wout]= bode(sys)

[mag,phase,wout]= bode(sys,w)

[mag,phase,wout,sdmag,sdphase]= bode(sys,w)

Description

example

bode(sys) createsa Bode plot of the frequency response of a dynamicsystem model sys. The plot displaysthe magnitude (in dB) and phase (in degrees) of the system responseas a function of frequency. bode automaticallydetermines frequencies to plot based on system dynamics.

If sys is a multi-input, multi-output (MIMO)model, then bode produces an array of Bode plots,each plot showing the frequency response of one I/O pair.

If sys is a model with complex coefficients, then in:

  • Log frequency scale, the plot shows two branches, one for positive frequencies and one for negative frequencies. The plot also shows arrows to indicate the direction of increasing frequency values for each branch. See Bode Plot of Model with Complex Coefficients.

  • Linear frequency scale, the plot shows a single branch with a symmetric frequency range centered at a frequency value of zero.

example

bode(sys1,sys2,...,sysN) plots the frequencyresponse of multiple dynamic systems on the same plot. All systemsmust have the same number of inputs and outputs.

example

bode(sys1,LineSpec1,...,sysN,LineSpecN) specifies a color, line style, and marker for each system in the plot.

example

bode(___,w) plotssystem responses for frequencies specified by w.

  • If w is a cell array of the form {wmin,wmax},then bode plots the response at frequencies rangingbetween wmin and wmax.

  • If w is a vector of frequencies, then bode plots the response at each specified frequency. The vector w can contain both negative and positive frequencies.

You can use w with any of the input-argumentcombinations in previous syntaxes.

example

[mag,phase,wout]= bode(sys) returns the magnitudeand phase of the response at each frequency in the vector wout.The function automatically determines frequencies in wout basedon system dynamics. This syntax does not draw a plot.

example

[mag,phase,wout]= bode(sys,w) returnsthe response data at the frequencies specified by w.

  • If w is a cell array of the form {wmin,wmax},then wout contains frequencies ranging between wmin and wmax.

  • If w is a vector of frequencies,then wout = w.

example

[mag,phase,wout,sdmag,sdphase]= bode(sys,w) alsoreturns the estimated standard deviation of the magnitude and phasevalues for the identified model sys.If you omit w, then the function automaticallydetermines frequencies in wout based on systemdynamics.

Examples

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Bode Plot of Dynamic System

This example uses:

  • Control System ToolboxControl System Toolbox

Open Live Script

Create a Bode plot of the following continuous-time SISO dynamic system.

H(s)=s2+0.1s+7.5s4+0.12s3+9s2.

H = tf([1 0.1 7.5],[1 0.12 9 0 0]);bode(H)

Bode plot of frequency response, or magnitude and phasedata (1)

bode automatically selects the plot range based on the system dynamics.

Bode Plot at Specified Frequencies

This example uses:

  • Control System ToolboxControl System Toolbox

Open Live Script

Create a Bode plot over a specified frequency range. Use this approach when you want to focus on the dynamics in a particular range of frequencies.

H = tf([-0.1,-2.4,-181,-1950],[1,3.3,990,2600]);bode(H,{1,100})grid on

Bode plot of frequency response, or magnitude and phasedata (2)

The cell array {1,100} specifies the minimum and maximum frequency values in the Bode plot. When you provide frequency bounds in this way, the function selects intermediate points for frequency response data.

Alternatively, specify a vector of frequency points to use for evaluating and plotting the frequency response.

Bode plot of frequency response, or magnitude and phasedata (3)

bode plots the frequency response at the specified frequencies only.

Compare Bode Plots of Several Dynamic Systems

This example uses:

  • Control System ToolboxControl System Toolbox

Open Live Script

Compare the frequency response of a continuous-time system to an equivalent discretized system on the same Bode plot.

Create continuous-time and discrete-time dynamic systems.

H = tf([1 0.1 7.5],[1 0.12 9 0 0]);Hd = c2d(H,0.5,'zoh');

Create a Bode plot that displays both systems.

bode(H,Hd)

Bode plot of frequency response, or magnitude and phasedata (4)

The Bode plot of a discrete-time system includes a vertical line marking the Nyquist frequency of the system.

Bode Plot with Specified Line Attributes

This example uses:

  • Control System ToolboxControl System Toolbox

Open Live Script

Specify the line style, color, or marker for each system in a Bode plot using the LineSpec input argument.

H = tf([1 0.1 7.5],[1 0.12 9 0 0]);Hd = c2d(H,0.5,'zoh');bode(H,'r',Hd,'b--')

Bode plot of frequency response, or magnitude and phasedata (5)

The first LineSpec, 'r', specifies a solid red line for the response of H. The second LineSpec, 'b--', specifies a dashed blue line for the response of Hd.

Obtain Magnitude and Phase Data

This example uses:

  • Control System ToolboxControl System Toolbox

Open Live Script

Compute the magnitude and phase of the frequency response of a SISO system.

If you do not specify frequencies, bode chooses frequencies based on the system dynamics and returns them in the third output argument.

H = tf([1 0.1 7.5],[1 0.12 9 0 0]);[mag,phase,wout] = bode(H);

Because H is a SISO model, the first two dimensions of mag and phase are both 1. The third dimension is the number of frequencies in wout.

size(mag)
ans = 1×3 1 1 41
length(wout)
ans = 41

Thus, each entry along the third dimension of mag gives the magnitude of the response at the corresponding frequency in wout.

Magnitude and Phase of MIMO System

This example uses:

  • Control System ToolboxControl System Toolbox

Open Live Script

For this example, create a 2-output, 3-input system.

rng(0,'twister'); % For reproducibilityH = rss(4,2,3);

For this system, bode plots the frequency responses of each I/O channel in a separate plot in a single figure.

bode(H)

Bode plot of frequency response, or magnitude and phasedata (6)

Compute the magnitude and phase of these responses at 20 frequencies between 1 and 10 radians.

w = logspace(0,1,20);[mag,phase] = bode(H,w);

mag and phase are three-dimensional arrays, in which the first two dimensions correspond to the output and input dimensions of H, and the third dimension is the number of frequencies. For instance, examine the dimensions of mag.

size(mag)

Thus, for example, mag(1,3,10) is the magnitude of the response from the third input to the first output, computed at the 10th frequency in w. Similarly, phase(1,3,10) contains the phase of the same response.

Bode Plot of Identified Model

Open Live Script

Compare the frequency response of a parametric model, identified from input/output data, to a nonparametric model identified using the same data.

Identify parametric and nonparametric models based on data.

load iddata2 z2;w = linspace(0,10*pi,128);sys_np = spa(z2,[],w);sys_p = tfest(z2,2);

Using the spa and tfest commands requires System Identification Toolbox™ software.

sys_np is a nonparametric identified model. sys_p is a parametric identified model.

Create a Bode plot that includes both systems.

bode(sys_np,sys_p,w);legend('sys-np','sys-p')

Bode plot of frequency response, or magnitude and phasedata (7)

You can display the confidence region on the Bode plot by right-clicking the plot and selecting Characteristics > Confidence Region.

Obtain Magnitude and Phase Standard Deviation Data of Identified Model

Open Live Script

Compute the standard deviation of the magnitude and phase of an identified model. Use this data to create a 3σ plot of the response uncertainty.

Identify a transfer function model based on data. Obtain the standard deviation data for the magnitude and phase of the frequency response.

load iddata2 z2;sys_p = tfest(z2,2);w = linspace(0,10*pi,128);[mag,ph,w,sdmag,sdphase] = bode(sys_p,w);

Using the tfest command requires System Identification Toolbox™ software.

sys_p is an identified transfer function model. sdmag and sdphase contain the standard deviation data for the magnitude and phase of the frequency response, respectively.

Use the standard deviation data to create a 3σ plot corresponding to the confidence region.

mag = squeeze(mag);sdmag = squeeze(sdmag);semilogx(w,mag,'b',w,mag+3*sdmag,'k:',w,mag-3*sdmag,'k:');

Bode plot of frequency response, or magnitude and phasedata (8)

Bode Plot of Model with Complex Coefficients

This example uses:

  • Control System ToolboxControl System Toolbox

Open Live Script

Create a Bode plot of a model with complex coefficients and a model with real coefficients on the same plot.

rng(0)A = [-3.50,-1.25-0.25i;2,0];B = [1;0];C = [-0.75-0.5i,0.625-0.125i];D = 0.5;Gc = ss(A,B,C,D);Gr = rss(5);bode(Gc,Gr)legend('Complex-coefficient model','Real-coefficient model','Location','southwest')

Bode plot of frequency response, or magnitude and phasedata (9)

In log frequency scale, the plot shows two branches for complex-coefficient models, one for positive frequencies, with a right-pointing arrow, and one for negative frequencies, with a left-pointing arrow. In both branches, the arrows indicate the direction of increasing frequencies. The plots for real-coefficient models always contain a single branch with no arrows.

You can change the frequency scale of the Bode plot by right-clicking the plot and selecting Properties. In the Property Editor dialog, on the Units tab, set the frequency scale to linear scale. Alternatively, you can use the bodeplot function with a bodeoptions object to create a customized plot.

opt = bodeoptions;opt.FreqScale = 'Linear';

Create the plot with customized options.

bodeplot(Gc,Gr,opt)legend('Complex-coefficient model','Real-coefficient model','Location','southwest')

Bode plot of frequency response, or magnitude and phasedata (10)

In linear frequency scale, the plot shows a single branch with a symmetric frequency range centered at a frequency value of zero. The plot also shows the negative-frequency response of a real-coefficient model when you plot the response along with a complex-coefficient model.

Input Arguments

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sysDynamic system
dynamic system model | model array

Dynamic system, specified as a SISO or MIMO dynamic system model or array of dynamic system models. Dynamic systems that you can use include:

  • Continuous-time or discrete-time numeric LTI models, such as tf (Control System Toolbox), zpk (Control System Toolbox), or ss (Control System Toolbox) models.

  • Generalized or uncertain LTI models such as genss (Control System Toolbox) or uss (Robust Control Toolbox) models. (Using uncertain models requires Robust Control Toolbox™ software.)

    • For tunable control design blocks, the function evaluates the model at its current value for both plotting and returning frequency response data.

    • For uncertain control design blocks, the function plots the nominal value and random samples of the model. When you use output arguments, the function returns frequency response data for the nominal model only.

  • Frequency-response data models such as frd models. For such models, the function plots the response at frequencies defined in the model.

  • Identified LTI models, such as idtf, idss, or idproc models. For such models, the function can also plot confidence intervals and return standard deviations of the frequency response. See Bode Plot of Identified Model.

If sys is an array of models, the function plots the frequency responses of all models in the array on the same axes.

wFrequencies
{wmin,wmax} | vector

Frequencies at which to compute and plot frequency response, specified as the cell array {wmin,wmax} or as a vector of frequency values.

  • If w is a cell array of the form {wmin,wmax}, then the function computes the response at frequencies ranging between wmin and wmax.

  • If w is a vector of frequencies, then the function computes the response at each specified frequency. For example, use logspace to generate a row vector with logarithmically spaced frequency values. The vector w can contain both positive and negative frequencies.

For models with complex coefficients, if you specify a frequency range of [wmin,wmax] for your plot, then in:

  • Log frequency scale, the plot frequency limits are set to [wmin,wmax] and the plot shows two branches, one for positive frequencies [wmin,wmax] and one for negative frequencies [–wmax,–wmin].

  • Linear frequency scale, the plot frequency limits are set to [–wmax,wmax] and the plot shows a single branch with a symmetric frequency range centered at a frequency value of zero.

Specify frequencies in units of rad/TimeUnit, where TimeUnit is the TimeUnit property of the model.

Output Arguments

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mag — Magnitude of system response
3-D array

Magnitude of the system response in absolute units, returnedas a 3-D array. The dimensions of this array are (number of systemoutputs) × (number of system inputs) × (number of frequencypoints).

  • For SISO systems, mag(1,1,k) givesthe magnitude of the response at the kth frequencyin w or wout. For an example,see Obtain Magnitude and Phase Data.

  • For MIMO systems, mag(i,j,k) givesthe magnitude of the response at the kth frequencyfrom the jth input to the ithoutput. For an example, see Magnitude and Phase of MIMO System.

To convert the magnitude from absolute units to decibels, use:

magdb = 20*log10(mag)

phase — Phase of system response
3-D array

Phase of the system response in degrees, returned as a 3-D array.The dimensions of this array are (number of outputs) × (numberof inputs) × (number of frequency points).

  • For SISO systems, phase(1,1,k) gives the phase of the response at the kth frequency in w or wout. For an example, see Obtain Magnitude and Phase Data.

  • For MIMO systems, phase(i,j,k) gives the phase of the response at the kth frequency from the jth input to the ith output. For an example, see Magnitude and Phase of MIMO System.

wout — Frequencies
vector

Frequencies at which the function returns the system response, returned as a column vector. The function chooses the frequency values based on the model dynamics, unless you specify frequencies using the input argument w.

wout also contains negative frequency values for models with complex coefficients.

Frequency values are in radians/TimeUnit, where TimeUnit is the value of the TimeUnit property of sys.

sdmag — Standard deviation of magnitude
3-D array | []

Estimated standard deviation of the magnitude of the responseat each frequency point, returned as a 3-D array. sdmag hasthe same dimensions as mag.

If sys is not an identified LTI model, sdmag is [].

sdphase — Standard deviation of phase
3-D array | []

Estimated standard deviation of the phase of the response ateach frequency point, returned as a 3-D array. sdphase hasthe same dimensions as phase.

If sys is not an identified LTI model, sdphase is [].

Tips

  • When you need additional plot customization options,use bodeplot (Control System Toolbox) instead.

Algorithms

bode computes the frequency response asfollows:

  1. Compute the zero-pole-gain (zpk (Control System Toolbox))representation of the dynamic system.

  2. Evaluate the gain and phase of the frequency responsebased on the zero, pole, and gain data for each input/output channelof the system.

    • For continuous-time systems, bode evaluatesthe frequency response on the imaginary axis s = andconsiders only positive frequencies.

    • For discrete-time systems, bode evaluatesthe frequency response on the unit circle. To facilitate interpretation,the command parameterizes the upper half of the unit circle as:

      z=ejωTs,0ωωN=πTs,

      where Ts is the sampletime and ωN is theNyquist frequency. The equivalent continuous-time frequency ω isthen used as the x-axis variable. Because H(ejωTs) isperiodic with period 2ωN, bode plotsthe response only up to the Nyquist frequency ωN.If sys is a discrete-time model with unspecifiedsample time, bode uses Ts =1.

Version History

Introduced before R2006a

See Also

bodeplot | freqresp | nyquist | spectrum | step

Topics

  • Plot Bode and Nyquist Plots at the Command Line
  • Dynamic System Models

External Websites

  • Transfer Function Analysis of Dynamic Systems (MathWorks Teaching Resources)

MATLAB Command

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Bode plot of frequency response, or magnitude and phasedata (11)

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Bode plot of frequency response, or magnitude and phase
data (2024)

FAQs

What is a Bode plot with magnitude plot and phase plot? ›

Bode plots show the frequency response, that is, the changes in magnitude and phase as a function of frequency. This is done on two semi-log scale plots. The top plot is typically magnitude or “gain” in dB. The bottom plot is phase, most commonly in degrees.

Is a Bode plot the frequency response? ›

Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. In electrical engineering and control theory, a Bode plot /ˈboʊdi/ is a graph of the frequency response of a system.

How do you find the magnitude of a Bode plot? ›

Bode analysis consists of plotting two graphs: the magnitude of Φ0(s) with s = jω, and the phase angle of Φ0(s) with s = jω, both plotted as a function of the frequency ω. Log scales are usually used for the frequency axis and for the magnitude of Φ0(jω). d B = 2 0 log 1 0 | Φ 0 ( j ω ) | .

How do you find the phase of a Bode plot? ›

To find the magnitude of the output, simply multiply the magnitude of the input (A) by the magnitude of the transfer function (M). The phase of the output is sum of the input phase (φ) and the phase of the transfer function (θ).

What does a phase plot tell you? ›

As defined earlier, a phase plot shows the difference in phase between the measured heterodyned beat signal and the superimposed reference signal as a function of time.

Why do we plot frequency response? ›

Frequency response plots provide insight into linear systems dynamics, such as frequency-dependent gains, resonances, and phase shifts. Frequency response plots also contain information about controller requirements and achievable bandwidths.

How to draw a Bode plot frequency response? ›

Creating a Bode Plot
  1. Rewrite the given transfer function into first and second-order terms.
  2. Plot each element approximation for Gain, s terms, poles, zeros, complex poles, complex zeros, etc.
  3. Round off corners. ...
  4. Add the plots together, if Magnitude is measured in dB, or multiply Magnitude plot if on logarithmic scale.

What should a frequency response graph look like? ›

The frequency response curve (so-called because a speaker's or headphone's frequency response will curve, or roll off, in the low bass and high treble) is pretty flat (“flat” is good, because it means the device is accurate), with no serious peaks, dips or other up-and-down variations.

What is meant by magnitude plot? ›

the magnitude plot is a straight line with a slope of 20 d B per decade, passing through the abscissa axis at ω = 1 rad/s, and the phase plot is a constant equal to 90 ∘ (Fig. 5.9): Figure 5.9. Bode plots of the monomial term j ω .

What is the slope of the Bode magnitude plot? ›

The slope of magnitude plot changes at each corner frequency. The corner frequency associated with poles causes a slope of -20 dB/decade. The corner frequency associated with poles causes a slope of -20 dB/decade. The final slope of Bode magnitude plot = (Z – P) × 20 dB/decade.

What is the absolute magnitude Bode plot? ›

The Bode magnitude plot is a graph of the absolute value of the gain of a circuit, as a function of frequency. The gain is plotted in decibels, while frequency is shown on a logarithmic scale. It is therefore a log–log plot.

What does a Bode plot tell you? ›

A Bode plot is a simple way to show some important information in the transfer function for a linear time-invariant (LTI) system. In short, the frequency response for any LTI system can be summarized using a Bode plot.

What do you mean by frequency response? ›

A frequency response is a visual representation of how well an audio component reproduces the audible range of sound. It's usually presented as a line graph, with the device's output amplitude on the y-axis (in decibels) plotted against frequency on the x-axis (in Hertz).

What are the two plots in a Bode plot? ›

Bode plots typically consist of two graphs. One we'll call the magnitude plot and one called the phase angle plot.

What is the difference between Bode plot and Nyquist plot? ›

As a result, the Bode plot shows a constant Φ of -90 ° and a linear curve with a negative slope and the Nyquist plot shows a straight line along the ordinate (see Figure 6.4). From this example, it is clear that in the Nyquist plot, the frequency at which a value was recorded is not visible.

What is the amplitude and phase plot? ›

The amplitude–phase plot consists of two parts: the magnitude of the FRF versus frequency and the phase versus frequency. The phase plot does not have much variety since the information of phase cannot be processed numerically in the same way magnitude data can.

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