Related Papers
Mycotoxin Research
Quantitative risk assessment for aflatoxin M1 associated with the consumption of milk and traditional dairy products in Argentina
2021 •
Monica Gaggiotti
Food Control
Presence of aflatoxin M1 in milk for human consumption in Argentina
2003 •
Lucia Candelaria Bulacio
Food and Chemical Toxicology
Exposure assessment of mycotoxins in cow’s milk in Argentina
2012 •
Juan Basílico, Marcelo Signorini, Ana Molineri
Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
Naturally occurring aflatoxin M1 in raw bulk milk from farm cooling tanks in Argentina
2010 •
Alejandro Larriestra
The aim was to carry out a survey of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw whole milk from bulk tanks. The sample collection was performed in farms located in one the most important milk-production zones in the centre of Argentina. A total of 94 samples of milk from 47 dairy farms were analysed. AFM1 analysis involved the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with prior purification of the extracts using immunoaffinity columns. AFM1 incidence in raw milk was high as 63.8% and levels were between not detected to 0.07 µg l−1. Several contaminated samples (39%) were over the European Commission limit for infant milk (0.025 µg l−1), although none of samples were above Argentine legislation. Estimates of AFM1 intake were assessed for different age populations. The average AFM1 estimated daily intakes were 1.6, 0.5, 0.17 ng kg−1 body weight day−1 for 4-year-old babies, young children, and adults, respectively. All tested farms used pastures and silages at similar composition. Even though some farms (13) employed high-risk supplementary feeds, such as peanut pod and/or cotton seed, no statistically significant differences were observed between groups. Information from AFM1 levels in milk in Argentina is limited. A systematic AFM1 monitoring programme must be performed by means of accurate and reliable analytical techniques as a strategy for protecting milk consumers.
Occurrence of Aflatoxin M 1 in cow milk in El Salvador: Results from a two- year survey
Roberto Hernandez-Rauda, Oscar Antonio Peña Rodas
Keywords: AFM 1 Raw cow milk ELISA Drought-associated variation: total aflatoxins Feedstuffs A B S T R A C T Aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1) is a metabolite of Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) and is excreted through cow´s milk. AFM 1 contamination of milk is extended geographically and there might be seasons-related variations for both prevalence and contents, with higher than average values in regions with long periods of drought like El Salvador. Therefore, this project quantified AFM 1 levels in raw cow milk and AFs in cattle feedstuffs, during the transitional dry-rainy seasons of two consecutive years and it determined the variation of occurrence and contents associated to drought. Significant variations were shown from year to year in the prevalence of contamination (30% vs. 20%) and in the average levels of AFM 1 in milk (0.056 vs 0.039 μg/kg), associated with drought and increased temperature. The AFs median levels raised significantly with the drought period (from 22.5 to 10.3 μg/ kg). A significant relationship was demonstrated between AFs levels and those of AFM 1 , both in the year with drought and without that condition. AFM 1 positive cases and its levels in milk increase in drought and hot conditions, AFs levels in the cattle feed tend to be higher with the same, as well. Both relationship between AFs and AFM 1 levels and their association with drought were demonstrated. So that, heat and drought stress conditions can evoke raising effects on both Aflatoxins level and occurrence due to AFM 1 in milk is a carryover from AFs contaminated feedstuffs ingested by dairy cows.
Veterinary Medicine - Open Journal
Incidence of Mycotoxins (AFB1 and AFM1 ) in Feeds and Dairy Farms from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
2016 •
Marcos Aronovich
Aflatoxinas totales en raciones de bovinos y AFM1 en leche cruda obtenida en establos del estado de Jalisco, México
Víctor Hugo Isaías Espinosa
Consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated feed in dairy cows represents a potential risk for public health, particularly in children, due to the resulting elimination of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk. The aim of this study was done to determine total aflatoxins levels (AFT) in feed and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels in raw milk from 40 dairy herds in Jalisco state, Mexico. AFT content in feed samples (n=40) was analyzed by direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Raw milk samples (n=40) were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) using direct inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AFT residues were detected in 92.5 % of the feed samples and ranged from 4.82 to 24.89 ìg Kg-1 (mean = 10.84 ± 5.84 ìg kg-1). Three samples (9.3 %) were above the maximum level allowed by Mexican federal law (20 ìg Kg-1). AFM1 residues in milk were detected in 80 % of samples that ranged from 0.006 to 0.065 ìg L-1 (mean = 0.023 ± 0.016 ìg L-1), and were mostly below maxi...
Monitoring Aflatoxin M1 levels in ewe’s and goat’s milk in Thessaly, Greece; potential risk factors under organic and conventional production schemes
Eleni Malissiova
Consumers prefer organic food as they consider it healthier and safer. Since Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and dairy is considered as hazard to human health this study aimed to assess the level of AFM1 contamination in ewes and goats raw milk in Greece, identify possible risk factors and compare organic and conventional milk. Thirty-nine organic and 39 conventional farms participated in this study and 243 samples were collected, during a lactation period (DecembereJuly). A standardized questionnaire and a sampling protocol were completed for all farms and samples, including information for the farming system. Samples were screened for AFM1 with ELISA and confirmed with HPLC. Analytical results were statistically analysed as to explore any associations with the questionnaire data for possible risk factors. Out of 234 samples analysed, in 191 (81.6%) samples AFM1 was not detected, while 4 (1.7%) were found above the EU maximum tolerable limit of 50 ng kg1. There was no conventional samples found over the maximum limit for AFM1 (0/117), while 4/117 (3.4%) organic samples exceeded 50 ng kg1 [no statistically significant difference (p-value ¼ 0.122)]. It was found more possible for organic farms to present AFM1 contamination in comparison to conventional [no statistically significant difference (RR 1.2, 95%CI 0.71e2.02, p-value ¼ 0.492)]. Among several potential risk factors investigated for AFM1 milk contamination, the use of warehouse for feed storage (OR 2.69, 95%CI 1.25e5.79), winter season (OR 2.58, 95%CI 1.07e6.24) and feeding field pea (OR 4.17, 95%CI 1.41e12.32) were identified as statistically significant. Organic milk samples were not found less contaminated with AFM1, but even higher contamination is possible, in comparison to conventional milk. The complex of the associated risk factors in AFM1 contamination found (winter season, feed storage practises and feeding pea), indicates that these should be associated when assessing AFM1 contamination risk in milk and that constant monitoring and increased farmer’s awareness is needed.
Mycotoxin and Food Safety in Developing Countries
A Decade of Aflatoxin M1 Surveillance in Milk and Dairy Products in Developing Countries (2001-2011): A Review
2013 •
Mulunda Mwanza
Journal of Agricultural Studies
Presence of Mycotoxins in Feed and Dairy Products of Cattle in Paraná, Brazil
2020 •
GERALDO TADEU DOS SANTOS
Milk contamination by mycotoxins is considered a public health problem. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify these contaminants in concentrates and in the milk from 31 high-producing herds. Only two of the 55 concentrate samples analyzed showed the presence of aflatoxin G1 (AFG1, 3.2 and 3.6 μg·kg-1). AFM1 was detected in 93.5% of the 62 milk samples analyzed with a range from 0.045 to 0.442 μg·L-1. All of the AFM1 concentrations were below the maximum limit tolerated (0.5 μg·kg-1) by the Brazilian Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). There was no difference in AFM1 contamination levels for both sampling periods (summer and winter). In conclusion, the AFM1 contamination in animal feed and, consequently, in milk is within the limits tolerated by ANVISA for Brazil (≤ 0.5 μg·kg-1). Furthermore, no season effect on AFM1 levels was found.
